Establishment of Unique State Language in Office Work Essay

Acknowledgement We want to acknowledge our parents for participating and helping us to conduct a questionnaire in the state institutions in Astana. Also we would like to thank Saltanat – secretary of head of government – for distribution of questionnaires among respondents and operate actions in delivering results to Almaty. Abstract Nowadays the issue of languages is one of the most actual, disputable. That is why government tries to improve the conditions of state language. This year new law was created; it states that all documentations must be written in Kazakh. This change cause many disputes and discussions and becomes more popular. As an actual issue this problem was chosen by the authors of research. The research question: what is the viewpoint of Astana citizens to establishment of unique state language in office work? Research objectives are to inquire into views of people to this law, find the advantages and disadvantages of change, to define the impact of transition on the process of work. After analyzing possible consequences, following research hypothesis was made: people would have negative point of view on the establishment. In order to achieve more efficiency the instrument of survey design – questionnaire – was chosen. It was conducted among 20 people – the inhabitants of Astana – who work in the state institutions, because change of language in the office work impacts them directly. Convenience sampling was used, because authors chose merely closest persons as respondents. At the base of results of questionnaire it was found that 70% of people have positive, 25% neutral, 5% negative attitude to the change. Thus, the results of questionnaire shows that the authors’ hypothesis was not justified: it was defined that people have positive viewpoint on the establishment, also there is no almost any difficulties connected with the change and it does not impact on the process and quality of the work. I. Introduction A. Reasons for Undertaking Research For almost 300 years Kazakhstan was under the pressure of neighbour Russia, so since it was happened our cultural wealth began to eradicate. Language was almost lost, and nobody knew what would be in the future. Unfortunately, the most powerful and developing country – Soviet Union – fell to pieces (Akishev, 1996). So, since from 1990 year there were born new countries. And Kazakhstan was not exception. Like a newborn baby, country started to do its first steps. In this way new constitution was created. â€Å"Kazakh is a state language, and Russian is official† says the constitution of Kazakhstan. But this year new law took place: â€Å"since 2007 year all documentations must be in Kazakh†, it states. But is the country with only half Kazakh-speaking inhabitancies ready to this change, how the multinational population will react to it? This is our issue. The government made a decision, but can we manage with it? Only 1000 civil servants of 5000 can speak Kazakh in advance or can do office work in it, documentation nowadays executes in Russian and only after that it translates into Kazakh. It is right to ask a question: what will follow after this establishment? Consequences may be different but more obvious thing that there will be many difficulties because of unknowing language. With this poor condition the procedure of work will delay, consequently, the standards, the value of work will decrease. The change of language of office work will lead to discrimination of not Kazakh-speaking population. Because of this it’s important to investigate this issue. After analyzing possible consequences, following research hypothesis was made: the attitude of major population of Astana has negative point of view on this change of language of office work in Kazakh. B. Research Methods In order to achieve more efficiency from research survey is using here. To investigate exact attitudes of people the work need statistics, numerical data, also the viewpoints, position, suggestions of Astana people must be considered in the work. So, survey design is the best way to attain the most systematically organized point here. Also questionnaire is being consumed as instruments of research. It was chosen because, in order to determine the views of people and situation in the country, quantitative method will be helpful. The data and facts that they will give may help to solve partly our problem. As it is written in previous, statistics is necessary, and questionnaire may give new data and numbers, so it is helpful in this area, specific questions in questionnaire (open-ended) the opportunity to determine the exact point of view of people and their suggestions. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first one is written in order to investigate social status of people and give demographic data. The second section’s aim is to ascertain the attitude of the person to the establishment of unique state language in the office work. The questionnaire was held on the period 14-16 of June in Astana. 20 people working in the state establishments were respondents of the questionnaire. The type of the research was primary, convenience technique was used. Ð ¡. Research Structure The research paper is divided into the six following chapters: Introduction – this part of the research presents brief description of the research, reasons for undertaking it and methods which will be used during this research. Review of the literature — this part of the research is dedicated to information that was found in appropriate literature in order to describe problems of establishment the unique language in the office work. Field research results – is a descriptive part of work, where authors should give only description of results that they receive from questionnaire or/an interview. Analysis and discussion – in this part of research paper all information presented before will be analyzed and will be tried to define future outlook of the industry and investors decision that can be taken. Conclusion – authors make a summary of the research paper. Bibliography – sources that were used in writing research. Appendices – include the questionnaire paper and interview paper. II. Literature review A. Historical background of Kazakh language The gold book of history of Kazakhs includes following pages: at the beginning of XVIII century west part of present territory of Kazakhstan started to join to Russian Empire. In spite of resistance of Orta and Uly Juzes during next hundred years all regions of country wholly became a piece of neighbour state. Since that time by the order of imperator Russian Empire Alexander I commenced the change of ruling power: they chose the heads of juzes. In the 30-40es of XVIII century fortresses were built at the boarders of Kazakhstan. Russian-speaking people started to immigrate into the Kazakh land. So, these were the first steps of colonization policy and active exchange of culture, widely spreading of Russian language and slowing down of Kazakh. (Kozybayev,1995). After formation of the Soviet Union in 1917, the discrimination of all nations with their culture and language that existed on the territory of USSR took place. Politics of state was the creation of unified society, where were the one constitution of USSR, which named Russian the single language of communication. From that period in different parts of the biggest country of the world the policy of inculcation of Russian language started. This process was the ideology, which was considered by government of Russia. Following 70 years lead to the almost wholly losing of native language. As an example of it in 1954 when virgin land started to build up 640.000 people from other countries of Union came to KazSSR. As a consequence of it new educational establishments were built, but with this immigration only in south region of country 700 Kazakh schools were closed, children stayed without needed education. Also the names of water-lands were changed in Russian, in order to make more comfortable the life of our â€Å"guests†. With this problem of eradication of folk wealth faced not only Kazakhstan, but other 12 countries of USSR, especially Moldova, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Georgia, etc (Akishev, Baipakov, 1996). So, after colonization for almost 300 years young independent Republic of Kazakhstan had to face with problem of wholly reconstruction of society, policy and economy of country. As a consequence of this dependence became following data: according to Agency of Statistics from 01.01.2004 the population of country is equal to 14,952 million people: 57, 19 % Kazakhs, 27, 24% Russians, 3, 14% Ukrainians, 2, 74% Uzbeks and other 120 nationalities. For the present time about 3 million Kazakhs do not know their native language. 64,4 % of population possess with Kazakh, when 84,8% speak Russian (Agency of statistics of RK , 2004). B. Status of Kazakh language nowadays With getting sovereignty in 1991 Republic of Kazakhstan got opportunity to raise its national wealth. So, the new constitution from 30th August of 1995, in the 7th article of the first part (general provisions) of it states: â€Å"1. the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazak language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazak language. 3. The state shall promote conditions for the study and development of the languages of the people of Kazakhstan.† (Constitution of RK, 1995). C. Problems and discussions on the issue According to B. Omarov (2005) – the head of Committee on problems of language of Ministry of information, culture and sport – in correspondents of State programme of function and development of languages for 2001-2010 years, affirmatived by decree of the president of RK from 07.02.2001 â„â€"550 in all regions of republic conduct measures of halting-placely change of office work on the state language. Because of this office work of 5 regions (Kyzylorda, Zhambyl, South-Kazkahstan, Atyrau, and Mangistau) was fully translated on state language. On the base of schedule of stagely translation of office work on state language cultivated republic agenda and brought in consideration of Government of RK. In accordance to this graphic from 01.01.2010 is expected fully translation of office work on state language. Due to this law there have been appeared problems of discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people in the country. Nowadays majority of people ask question, such â€Å"what this change will lead to?† According to Martha Brill Olcott (1997), there is a strong sense of disquiet among many of the country’s ethnic Russians, who feel that the break-up of the USSR has turned a familiar country into an alien one, and has left them as second-class citizens in what they themselves perceive as their native land. And the translation of language in office work will possibly grow gap between Kazakhstan’s Kazakhs and European communities. But specialists advise not to confuse. As Dariga Nazarbayeva states (2006), the change of language will not lead to discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people. Russian will stay as an official language. What just people should do – to learn about hundred of words and do documentations basing on them? Akim of Almaty I. Tasmagambetov (2005) and deputy, poet M. Shahanov (2005) become intimate in the opinion that world experience of states shows that presence of native language impact on stability, security of independent country. Our main aim is to raise the status of using Kazakh on the level of Russian. That is why akims actively accept the new law. They claim that the wealth that our ancestors gave to people should be kept. But there are some opposite points of view on this theme. Some non-Kazakh parts of population of RK think that government tries to slowly eradicate other nations from the land of Kazakhs. Some people, like O. Suleimenov (2005) – the representative of RK in UNESCO – thinks that republic is not yet ready for this change. This change may causes problems of leaving the country of other nations. At first, think this part of country, we should prepare the fundament, prepare people – to recreate grammar of language, to type reliable text books, in order to make easier the studying deeply and efficiently the language. At that time the minister of education and science B. Aitimova (2006) states that state program of Kazakh language for 2001-2010 is developing. She claims that 77% of schools are in Kazakh or mixed. But state Secretary O. Abdikarimov does not agree with that by saying that 500 million tenge was given from budget, nevertheless, there are no results. The minister culture and information – Y. Ertisbaev (2006) – he offers to make social polls. So, after some time, the problem will be partly solved. Summary Thus, there are many views on the issue of changing language of office work in Astana. Arguments of both sights are very strong; they were confirmed with statistics and prognoses of the critics. In discussions of the problem play role all social classes of Kazakhstan, because of this issue relates to all citizens of our country. Although there is no exact answer at the present time, but research will give it in the near future. III. Field research (Questionnaire results) A. General information The research question of present work is intended to find out what is the viewpoint of Astana’s citizens to the establishment of unique state language in office work. Thus, in order to obtain useful statistics and find out what are the precise attitudes of people on this issue, given questionnaire was conducted by researches. The field research was divided into three parts, which will allow to the reader comfortably find useful information (indirect data – common information, direct – specific material). At the period 14-16 of June in state institutions of Astana 20 people, who have full-time work place, have been asked by researches. Target population of the research is adults from 18 years old, in which 11 are female and 9 are male. As respondents were the closest available people, convenience sampling was used. B. Demographic (indirect) data At the process of work the category of age of respondents was divided into four parts: 18-25 (10%), 25-35 (35%), 35-50 (50%), over 50 (5%). 80% are Kazakhs and 20% are Russian respondents. From chart 1 it can be seen that the level of knowing of Kazakh and Russian languages among 20 people: [pic] Researches have investigated that 50 per cent of people know Kazakh in advance, 35 colloquial and 15 % do not speak on state language, while 90 % of people know Russian in advance and 10% colloquially. Table 1 shows the percentage degree of people who knows foreign languages and what are that languages. |Language |Percentage | |English |25% | |German |25% | |Belarusian |5% | |Don’t know other language |45% | Table 1. The quarter part speaks English, another Germany, while 5 % know Belarusian and other 45% do not know any foreign language. It was investigated that all 20 people have high education, from which 14 people studied in Russian (70%) and 6 in Kazakh (30%). The chart 2 shows the in what language people mostly communicate with each other: [pic] Half of respondents communicate in Russian, when 30% talk in Kazakh and 20% of people speak on both languages. At the process of work it was defined that all 20 people have full-time permanent work place, 19 (95%) are state workers, and 1 (5%) is a member of join-stock company. C. Attitudes of people (direct data) The chart 3 demonstrates the position of people toward the establishment. [pic] 80% of people think that it is right to establish such innovation, 15 % has neutral position and 5% are against the law. 70% of respondents have positive point of view to the establishment, 25% are neutral and 5% have negative attitude. From 20 people, who was asked, 12 (60%) are expressed willingness to do office work in Kazakh, while 8 (40%) people are not ready to such work. |Percentage of people who faced with office work in Kazakh | |Faced |60% | |Don’t faced |40% | From table 2 you may see that 60% of respondents have faced with doing office work in Kazakh while 40% do not. Table 2 From table 3 you may find out the percentage level of kinds of spreading of information about the establishment of unique language in the office work. 36,4 % of respondents have got information from work, 20% from relatives, 18,2% from friends, 15,6% through mass-media, 3,2% from another sources, while 6,6% do not know about this law. |Kinds of |Percentage | |Spreading of info | | |Relatives |20% | |Friends |18.2% | |Mass-media |15.6% | |At work |36.4% | |Other |3.2% | |Don’t know about this law |6.6% | Table 3. It was investigated in table 4 that change of language of office work for half of respondents has not any impact, 40% did not give answers, 5% do not know and on 5% has influence. |The influence on work |Percentage | |No |50% | |Yes |5% | |Do not know |5% | |Do not give answers |40% | Table 4 It was defined that 45% of people have not faced with any difficulties on work because of this establishment, 15% have some problems, and 40% did not give answers. It was investigated that the administration of state institutions have provide some conditions in order to prepare personnel to the establishment for 40% of respondents, and 60% have not got any programmes. People have mentioned such conditions like providing CDs, preparing lessons, electronic portal, programmes. 35% are satisfied with conditions that government provides, 15% not utilized, 10% is neutral and 40% did nit give answers. To the open-ended questions 90% respondents have given different answers, 10% preferred do not mention any suggestions. The majority of respondents suggested creating of courses, which will give opportunity to workers improve the level of knowing Kazakh. 20% of people were for establishment, but it was mentioned that this reform should be executed gradually. Another 20% have demonstrated desire to establish this law, because it is the time to raise the authority of state language. Someone was against establishment, and other, vice versus, suggested compulsory change language from Russian to Kazakh. D. Summary In spite the fact that most of people know more Russian that Kazakh, and that they communicate in Russian, it was investigated in generally that people have positive position to this establishment. There is a lack of preparing courses, but people disposed well. IV. Analysis and discussion Univariate analysis The research question of present work is â€Å"what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan?† After analyzing possible consequences the hypothesis stated that people would have negative point of view on the change of the language in the office work. a. Analyzing demographic data. As the change of language takes place in the state establishments, 95% of respondents were chosen from them. At the process of work it was investigated that the level of knowing Russian of 20 people, who were conducted the questionnaire, is higher than Kazakh: 100% know official language, while 15% do not know state language at all. In spite the fact that everyone knows Russian and the major part – 85% – of people know Kazakh, only the half part speak in Russian and 20% use only Kazakh, while 30% speak on both languages. Thus, ignoring the fact that the majority people know Kazakh, language of communication among people still is mostly Russian. b. Analyzing attitudes of people to the establishment (questionnaire, literature review). The main target of given work was to find the viewpoint of Astana people to the establishment. From the tabular form of frequency distribution we may see the main result of research. Table 1. Attitude to the establishment office work in Kazakh | |Frequency |% |Valid % |Cum % | |Positive |14 |70 |70 |70 | |Neutral |5 |25 |25 |95 | |Negative |1 |5 |5 |100 | |Total |20 |100 |100 | | More than half part of respondents have positive point of view on the change and only 5% were against it, so Astana people mostly are for establishment of state language. Analyzing the results of questionnaire, it was discovered that the major part of people think that it is right to change the language of documentation and they are ready to the transition. Authors made a prediction that the change of language may lead to conflicts among nations, it would be the discrimination of not-Kazakh people, the process of work will delay and quality of it would reduce. But the results show opposite thing: main part of people state that they have not faced with any difficulties, that the change does not impact on the done work and its’ efficiency does not decrease. 80% of respondents were Kazakhs; possibly, this is a reason of positive results in the questionnaire. Anyway, every man lives in Kazakhstan, may be that is why they have to answer positively, and may be, they had not other ch oice. Topic is very sensitive and both sides – Kazakh and not-Kazakh people – know it. Nowadays there are many issues on the theme of developing of Kazakh, and people do not react on them similar: someone is for raising the status of state language, someone afraid of this, because of unknowing Kazakh. Already 15 years Kazakhstan is independent country, it is obvious that Kazakh language should have specific status, it should have its own important place, and people should know it. It is already time to raise Kazakh, but not to eradicate Russian, because it is still the language on which all multinational population of country speaks, in which we communicate with our neighbours on international arena. People, by understanding it, should improve state language, by not disturbing official language. So, also, based on the results of questionnaire, it was found that government develops such things as courses, discs, electronic portals, programmes to prepare personnel to the change , but people mostly dissatisfied with these conditions, because almost all people suggest creating new instruments to improve language. This fact means that there is a lack of the books, special methods of studying, good teaching, etc. O. Suleimenov (2005) also came to this conclusion. He thinks that this change may cause problems of leaving the country of other nations. But there is a nuance: for some questions (about have they faced with any difficultiesmbecause of the change, have establishment impact the work, do they satisfied with conditions that government creates to prepare personnel?) the third part of people did not give answers. Does it mean that people are hiding something and expert is right? In the reality the issue of language is very sensitive: government tries to improve the authority of Kazakh while it seems that Russian is under discrimination. Among the members of parliament, government, also there are many debates on this theme. Akims, ministers say that they are undertaking measures as preparing personnel through the course, making privilege to people, who know Kazakh, raising their wages, but relying on opinions of people, we may conclude that it is not enough, because there is no efficient results, especially because the base of courses are very weak. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this issue: for Kazakh people it is good because their language is developing, but for other nations it is difficult, but they can do nothing with it: the law already exists, in spite the fact many people do not know Kazakh and there are no real measures that can prepare them. The data from literature review and questionnaire results are not similar, if some authorities are against establishment, main part of respondents support the change. This means that situation is not as negative as state the data of literature review. More people know or learning Kazakh than official statistics show. The state of Kazakh is improving. V. Conclusion The research question of present work is â€Å"what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan?† By considering the possible consequences and results, following hypotheses was made: the attitude of major population of Astana would have negative point of view on this change of language of office work from Russian into Kazakh. According to the results of questionnaire, the prediction of authors was mistaken: majority of respondents have positive viewpoint on the change, moreover, the ways to improve the situation were suggested by them. There were many disputes on the issue, some people think that will appear conflict that society is not ready, but, fortunately, these were not justified. It is already time to improve the status of Kazakh: people are for the change. The only one problem that should be eliminated: to develop the base of preparing and teaching people. Bibliography Akishev, K. and Baipakov, K., 1996, Kazakhstan tarihi (kone zamannan buginge deiin). Almaty: Atamura [cited 01 June 2006]. Kozybayev, K., 1995, Kazakhstan tarihi. Almaty: Zhalyn. [cited 01 June 2006]. Piskareva, L., 2006, Ne zaboltat’ iazik, Vremia, 21(365), p. 3. [cited 02 June 2006]. Embassy of RK. 2005. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [online]. Available from: http://www.kazakhstanembassy.org.uk/cgi-bin/index/225 [cited 30 May 2006]. Demography. 2004. O chislennosti naselenia [online]. Available from: http://stat.kz/stat/index.aspx?p=dem04-04&1=ru. [cited 02 June 2006]. Nazarbayeva, D. 2005. V Kazakhstane ne planiruetsya perevodit’ deloproizvodstvo tolko na gosudarstvennii yazik. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30033184B [cited 01 June 2006]. Spravochnik iurist. 2005. Vopros akimu goroda Almaty. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&docid=30036955 [cited 02 June 2006]. Olcott, M. B., 1997. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. [Online]. Central Asian States: An Overview of Fives Years of Independence. Available from: www.ceip.org/people/mosenate.htm [cited 02 June 2006]. Omarov. B, 2005. Comitet po iazikam Ministerstva culture, informacii I sporta RK. [Online]. Skajite pojaluista. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined &doc_id=30029966 [cited 01 June 2006]. Shahanov, M., and Tereschenko, S., 2005. Problema yazika [Online]. Shahanova I Tereschenko reshili soobscha borot’sya s kolonizatsiei. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30048383 [cited 02 June 2006]. Suleimenov, O., 2005. Problema yazika. [Online]. Vibori – examen democratii. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30024571 [cited 03 June 2006].

A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management

PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Vol. 16, No. 6, November-December 2007, pp. 780 –790 issn 1059-1478 07 1606 780$1. 25 POMS doi 10. 3401/poms.  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Jeffery S. Smith †¢ Kirk R. Karwan †¢ Robert E. MarklandDepartment of Marketing, Florida State University, Rovetta Business Building, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Department of Business and Accounting, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA Management Science Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA [email  protected] fsu. edu †¢kirk. [email  protected] edu †¢[email  protected] sc. edu e present an empirical assessment of the productivity of individuals and institutions in terms of service operations management (SOM) research.We reviewed ? ve mainstream operation s management journals over a 17-year time period to generate a sample of 463 articles related to service operations. The results indicate that SOM research has been growing and key contributions are being made by an array of researchers and institutions. Key words: research productivity; research review; service operations Submissions and Acceptance: Original submission: Received November 2005; revisions received July 2006 and October 2007; accepted October 2007 by Aleda Roth. W 1. IntroductionThe transformation of industrialized economies from a manufacturing base to a service orientation is a continuing phenomenon. The trend is readily apparent in the United States where, by virtually all accounts, over 80% of private sector employment is engaged in some sort of service work (Karmarkar, 2004). Despite this, observers of research in operations management (OM) have long been critical of the ? eld for not transitioning in a similar manner. One study by Pannirselvam et al. (1999) revi ewed 1,754 articles between 1992 and 1997 in seven key OM journals and reported only 53 (2. 7%) addressed service-related problems.Roth and Menor (2003) also voiced concern about a paucity of research in presenting a Service Operations Management (SOM) research agenda for the future. Regardless of the exact ? gures, there is clearly enormous potential and need for research in the service operations arena. Recent developments within the discipline are encouraging. For example, Production and Operations Management (POM) and the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) have taken several steps to facilitate research in service operations. First, the journal recently published three focused issues on 780 service operations.Second, POMS created a society subdivision, the College of Service Operations, that has hosted several national and international meetings. Finally, the journal now has an autonomous editorial department dedicated to service operations. Other initiatives to promote the service operations management ? eld include the establishment of IBM’s Service Science, Management, and Engineering initiative (Spohrer et al. , 2007) and the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science Section on Service Science. To a large extent, the service operations ? eld has long been considered to occupy a niche within operations management.If service operations management researchers are to establish themselves ? rmly within the OM community, it is our contention that their theoretical contributions to leading academic journals must be more widely recognized and their relevance to practice acknowledged. As a part of the effort to encourage this progress, the purpose of this note is twofold: (1) to demonstrate that published work in the key operations journals is indeed showing an upward trend and (2) to facilitate research of individual scholars by identifying the individuals and institutions that have contributed most to the ? ld of service operations. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 781 2. Methodology and Results Although much more complex mechanisms exist to measure â€Å"contribution,† we relied on a straightforward approach to assess contributions by individuals and institutions. We considered four issues: (1) the time frame for the review, (2) the journals to be included, (3) the metric for productivity, and (4) the means to identify the articles to be included.First, we selected a 17-year time frame beginning with 1990 and running through 2006 because we believed that this interval would provide a comprehensive picture of the service operations ? eld as it has developed, as well as an opportunity to detect any overall trends. Next, we limited our assessment to the outlets identi? ed by the University of Texas at Dallas as the premier journ als in operations management (see http://citm. utdallas. edu/ utdrankings/).These include 3 journals dedicated to OM, the Journal of Operations Management (JOM), Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM), and POM, and two multidisciplinary journals, Management Science (MS) and Operations Research (OR). Third, we assessed scholarly productivity by counting the number of research articles attributable to both individuals and their academic institutions, assigning a weight of 1/n to an author and his or her institution if an article had multiple (â€Å"n†) authors. The ? al issue to determine was what constituted a SOM article. We ? rst eliminated any article or research note that centered on agriculture, mining, or manufacturing. Then, two authors served as independent judges to determine whether an article employed an operations focus while addressing a service-speci? c problem or situation. In cases where there was disTable 1 Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 19 96 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Totals Service % agreement between the two raters, the third author made the ? al decision. Consequently, an article was excluded if it developed a generic operations model or involved an operations topic that was discussed in a general way and was applicable in either a manufacturing or a service environment. When an article made speci? c reference to service contexts and elaborated on them, it was included. To clarify this point, consider the case of an article investigating an inventory-positioning policy between a manufacturer and a series of retailers.The article would be included as pertaining to service operations if it took the perspective of the retail operation but would be excluded if it took the manufacturing viewpoint. Using this methodology, we identi? ed 463 distinct service operations articles (see the Appendix for a complete list) and recorded information on the author(s) and author af? liation(s) at the time of p ublication. The numerical summary of articles is shown in Table 1, with each journal’s share of service operations articles.Over the 17-year period JOM, MSOM, and POM all exceeded 15% of service articles with respect to the total number of articles published, with OR and MS publishing somewhat smaller percentages. Additionally, there is an upward trend in the total number of service articles appearing in all ? ve journals, with a marked increase in the past 3 years (see Figure 1). With regard to JOM and POM, part of this move is attributable to the publication of special issues, which is a positive development because it demonstrates a heightened emphasis originating at the editorial level.The total number of individuals appearing in the sample pool was 799. In Table 2, we list 27 individuals Distribution of Service Operations Publications by Selected Journal and Year JOM 4 1 n/a 2 1 4 3 1 3 3 6 5 8 3 7 11 13 75 15. 4 MS 3 9 5 4 5 12 4 8 11 15 5 7 3 4 11 16 13 135 6. 5 MSOM n /a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 3 5 3 1 5 5 6 28 16. 8 OR 10 5 10 12 6 8 6 7 10 5 9 5 8 6 11 16 16 150 10. 1 POM n/a n/a 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 11 2 4 4 14 11 3 9 75 17. 9 Total 17 15 18 19 14 27 16 18 27 34 25 26 26 28 45 51 57 463 Service % 7. 0 6. 7 6. 6 7. 8 5. 9 8. 9 6. 3 7. 0 9. 2 12. 5 9. 0 9. 2 8. 8 10. 7 15. 17. 2 17. 2 10. 0 Note. n/a (not applicable) indicates that no issue was published in the speci? c journal in the target year; totals indicate the sum of all service operations articles in the noted year/journal; service % indicates the representation of service articles in comparison to the total number of articles published. 782 Figure 1 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society Distribution of Service Articles over the Investigation Period 70Number of Service Articles 60 50 40 30 20 10 2001 2004 1990 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 1994 1999 1991 1992 1996 1997 Year who contributed the most articles on SOM in the ? ve journals. We conducted the same analysis by institution, and it resulted in 343 organizations appearing in the sample. Columbia University contributed the most articles, with a score of 16. 17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Pennsylvania followed with productivity scores greater than 12. Table 3 lists the remainder of the 26 most productive institutions.Although clearly dependent upon the journals within the sample, an important conclusion that might Table 2 Name Ward Whitt Gary Thompson Stefanos Zenios Scott Sampson Richard Chase Arnold Barnett Kenneth Boyer Arthur Hill Aleda Roth Robert Shumsky Dimitris Bertsimas Susan Meyer Goldstein Julie Hays Ananth Iyer Andreas Soteriou Cynthia Barnhart Vishal Gaur Deborah Kellogg Larry Jacobs Marshall Fisher Francois Soumis William L Cooper Jean Harvey Serguei Netessine Gerard Cacho n Kingshuk Sinha Avishai Mandelbaum Individual Author Contributions Productivity score 8. 0 5. 50 3. 33 3. 33 3. 17 2. 90 2. 67 2. 67 2. 67 2. 53 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 42 2. 33 2. 25 2. 20 2. 17 2. 03 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 1. 83 1. 83 1. 83 be drawn from Tables 2 and 3 is that the key contributions in SOM research are diverse and originate from a broad array of authors and institutions. Many of these authors and institutions are known to approach the ? eld from normative or prescriptive perspectives and others from more empirical or descriptive perspectives.In fact, Gupta, Verma, and Victorino (2006) recently noted that much of the growth in service research has come from studies that completely or partially employed empirical research methodologies. This increased emphasis on empirical studies bodes well for the â€Å"new† and growing ? eld. Table 3 Institution Institutional Contributions Productivity score 16. 17 16. 05 13. 41 12. 17 8. 75 8. 15 6. 75 6. 67 6. 67 6. 17 5. 77 5. 67 5. 67 5. 58 5. 50 5. 42 4. 95 4. 87 4. 75 4. 70 4. 50 4. 50 4. 42 4. 33 4. 33 4. 08Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania University of Southern California Michigan State University University of Texas at Austin Stanford University Purdue University Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Georgia Institute of Technology University of Utah New York University Harvard University Northern Illinois University University of Rochester Southern Methodist University Naval Postgraduate School AT&T University of Cyprus University of California at Los Angeles University of Maryland Vanderbilt University University of Michigan 2006 2005Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 783 3. Concluding Comments â € ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A variety of forces appear to be stimulating a longexpected increase in research emphasis on service operations management. Because service organizations and issues increasingly dominate the global economy, a greater emphasis on SOM research seems important and inevitable. With operations management journals and related professional societies simultaneously providing visibility for researchers and their efforts, it is likely that we will move forward toward a clearer and more robust SOM research paradigm.Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editorial team for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Appendix Journal of Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Davis, 1990, An analysis of customer satisfaction with waiting times in a two-stage service process. Mabert, 1990, Measuring the impact of part-time workers in service organizations. Mersha, 1990, Enhancing the customer contact model. Thompson, 1990, Shift scheduling in services when employees have limited availability. Haynes, 1991, Management of technology in service ? rms. Banker, 1993, Integrated system design and operational decisions for service sector outlets.Thompson, 1993, Accounting for the multi-period impact of service when determining employee requirements for labor scheduling. Rajagopalan, 1994, Retail stocking decisions with order and stock sales. Heineke, 1995, Strategic operations management decisions and professional performance in U. S. HMOs. Karmarkar, 1995, Service markets and competition. Kellogg, 1995, A framework for strategic service management. Thompson, 1995, Labor scheduling using NPV estimates of the marginal bene? t of additional labor capacity. Archer, 1996, Consumer response to service and product quality. Butler, 1996, The operations management role in hospital strategic planning. Klassen, 1996, Scheduling outpatient appointments in a dynamic environment.Youngdahl, 1997, The relationship between service customers’ quality assurance behaviors, satisfaction, and effort. Harvey, 1998, Service quality. Narasimhan, 1998, Reengineering service operations. Soteriou, 1998, Linking the customer contact model to service quality. Simons, 1999, Process design in a down-sizing service operation. Smith, 1999, The relationship of strategy, ? t, productivity, and business performance in a services setting. Stank, 1999, Effect of service supplier performance on †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ satisfaction and loyalty of store managers in the fast food industry. Ketzenberg, 2000, Inventory policy for dense retail outlets. Metters, 2000, A typology of de-coupli ng strategies in mixed services.Miller, 2000, Service recovery. Sarkis, 2000, An analysis of the operational ef? ciency of major airports in the United States. Seung-Chul, 2000, Flexible bed allocation and performance in the intensive care unit. Verma, 2000, Con? gurations of low-contact services. Boone, 2001, The effect of information technology on learning in professional service organizations. Hays, 2001, A preliminary investigation of the relationships between employee motivation/vision, service learning, and perceived service quality. McFadden, 2001, Operations safety. Meyer-Goldstein, 2001, An empirical test of the causal relationships in the Baldrige Health Care Pilot Criteria.Pullman, 2001, Service design and operations strategy formulation in multicultural markets. Boyer, 2002, E-services. Cook, 2002, Human issues in service design. Hill, 2002, Research opportunities in service process design. Li, 2002, The impact of strategic operations management decisions on community ho spital performance. Menor, 2002, New service development. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The effect of location, strategy, and operations technology on hospital performance. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The service concept. Simons, 2002, A case study of batching in a mass service operation. Detert, 2003, The measurement of quality management culture in schools. Sa? zadeh, 2003, An empirical analysis of ? ancial services processes with a front-of? ce or back-of? ce orientation. Youngdahl, 2003, Revisiting customer participation in service encounters. Frohle, 2004, New measurement scales for evaluating perceptions of the technology-mediated customer service experience. Pagell, 2004, Assessing the impact of alternative manufacturing layouts in a service setting. Rabinovich, 2004, Physical distribution service quality in internet retailing: Service pricing, transaction attributes, and ? rm attributes. Stuart, 2004, Toward an integrative approach to designing service experiences. Sun, 2004, Assessing joint maintenance shops in the Taiwanese Army using data envelop analysis.Tucker, 2004, The impact of operational failures on hospital nurses and their patients. Zhao, 2004, Quality management and organizational context in selected service industries of China. Boyer, 2005, Extending the supply chain. Chesteen, 2005, Comparing quality of care in non-pro? t and for-pro? t nursing homes. Jambulingam, 2005, Entrepreneurial orientation as a basis for classi? cation within a service industry. 784 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Kimes, 2005, An evaluation of heuristic methods for determining the best table mix in full-se rvice restaurants. Meyer-Goldstein, 2005, Linking publicness to operations management practices. Narasimhan, 2005, Ef? cient service location design in government services. Olson, 2005, Operational, economic and mission elements in not-for-pro? t organizations. Thirumalai, 2005, Customer satisfaction with order ful? llment in retail supply chains. Thompson, 2005, Using information on unconstrained student demand to improve university course schedules. Voss, 2005, Managerial choice and performance in service management. Wisner, 2005, The service volunteer–loyalty chain.Apte, 2006, Analysis and improvement of delivery operations at the San Francisco public library. Boyer, 2006, Customer behavioral intentions for online purchases. de Treville, 2006, Applying operations management logic and tools to save lives. Dilts, 2006, Impact of role in the decision to fail. Gowen, 2006, Exploring the ef? cacy of healthcare quality practices, employee commitment, and employee control. Hays, 2006, Service guarantee strength. Hume, 2006, Understanding the service experience in nonpro? t performing arts. Karwan, 2006, Integrating service design principles and information technology to improve delivery and productivity in public sector operations. Li, 2006, Hospital technology and nurse staf? ng management decisions.Sampson, 2006, Optimization of volunteer labor assignments. Simpson, 2006, Modeling of residential structure ? re response. Sulek, 2006, Measuring performance in multi-stage service operations. Verma, 2006, Using a market-utility-based approach to designing public services. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Management Science †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Batta, 1990, Covering-location models for emergency situation that require mult iple response units. Bechtold, 1990, Implicit modeling of ? exible break assignments in optimal shift scheduling. Psaraftis, 1990, Routing and scheduling on a shoreline with release times. Abramson, 1991, Constructing school timetables using simulated annealing.Bard, 1991, Designing telecommunications networks for the reseller market. Domich, 1991, Locating tax facilities. Easton, 1991, Suf? cient working subsets for the tour scheduling problem. Jagannathan, 1991, Storing crossmatched blood. Lovell, 1991, The allocation of consumer incentives to meet simultaneous sales quotas. Mandell, 1991, Modeling effectiveness– equity trade-offs in public service delivery systems. Ray, 1991, Resource-use ef? ciency in public schools. Simms, 1991, An information processing model of a police organization. Gleeson, 1992, Renovation of public housing. Ho, 1992, Minimizing total cost in scheduling outpatient appointments.Rabinowitz, 1992, A nonlinear heuristic short-term model for hydroelectri c energy production. Sherali, 1992, An integrated simulation and dynamic programming approach for determining optimal runway exit locations. Whitt, 1992, Understanding the ef? ciency of multi-server service systems. Grabowski, 1993, An expert system for maritime pilots. Graves, 1993, Flight crew scheduling. Hoffman, 1993, Solving airline crew scheduling problems by branch-and-cut. Moskowitz, 1993, A multistage screening model for evaluation and control of misclassi? cation error in the detection of hypertension. Brimberg, 1994, Economic development of groundwater in arid zones with applications to the Negev Desert, Israel.Jarrah, 1994, Equipment selection and machine scheduling in general mail facilities. Jarrah, 1994, Solving large-scale tour scheduling problems. Krass, 1994, A network model to maximize Navy personnel readiness and its solution. Lynch, 1994, Regulatory measurement and evaluation of telephone service quality. Apte, 1995, Global disaggregation of information-intensiv e services. Darr, 1995, The acquisition, transfer, and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations. Fladmoe-Lindquist, 1995, Control modes in international service operations. Kellogg, 1995, Constructing an empirically derived measure for customer contact. McLaughlin, 1995, Professional service organizations and focus.O’Kelley, 1995, Lower bounds for the hub location problem. Peterson, 1995, Models and algorithms for transient queuing congestions at airports. Roth, 1995, Strategic determinants of service quality and performance. Sampson, 1995, Increasing service levels in conference and educational scheduling. Sulek, 1995, The impact of a customer service intervention and facility design on ? rm performance. Swersey, 1995, An integer programming model for locating vehicle emissions testing stations. Thompson, 1995, Improved implicit optimal modeling of the labor shift scheduling problem. Ahn, 1996, Involving patients in the cadaveric kidney transplant allocation proces s. Dittus, 996, Medical resident work schedules. Gerchak, 1996, Reservation planning for elective surgery under uncertain demand for emergency surgery. Jacobs, 1996, Overlapping start-time bands in implicit tour scheduling. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 785 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Archibald, 1997, An optimal policy for a two depot inventory problem with stock transfer. Desaulniers, 1997, Daily aircraft routing and scheduling. Eisenstein, 1997, Garbage collection in Chicago.Gavish, 1997, LEOS—Optimal satellite launch policies. Mukhopadhyay, 1997, Information technology impact on process ou tput and quality. Sherali, 1997, Static and dynamic time-space strategic models and algorithms for multilevel rail-car ? eet management. Sueyoshi, 1997, Measuring ef? ciencies and returns to scale of Nippon Telegraph & Telephone in production and cost analyses. Wilhelm, 1997, Prescribing tactical response for oil spill cleanup operations. Athanassopoulos, 1998, Decision support for target-based resource allocation of public services in multiunit and multilevel systems. Berk, 1998, The impact of discharge decisions on health care quality.Brusco, 1998, Personnel tour scheduling when startingtime restrictions are present. Gilbert, 1998, Incentive effects favor nonconsolidating queues in a service system. Laguna, 1998, Applying robust optimization to capacity expansion of one location in telecommunications with demand uncertainty. Lewis, 1998, Staf? ng and allocation of workers in an administrative of? ce. Lipscomb, 1998, Combining expert judgment by hierarchical modeling. Lobel, 1998, Vehicle scheduling in public transit and Lagrangean pricing. Mandelbaum, 1998, On pooling in queuing networks. Reddy, 1998, SPOT: Scheduling programs optimally for television. Shumsky, 1998, Optimal updating of forecasts for the timing of future events.Barnett, 1999, A â€Å"parallel approach† path to estimating collision risk during simultaneous landings. Campbell, 1999, Cross-utilization of workers whose capabilities differ. Frei, 1999, Process variation as a determinant of bank performance. Gardner, 1999, Planning electric power systems under demand uncertainty with different technology lead times. Gawande, 1999, Measures of effectiveness for governmental organizations. Grifell-Tatje, 1999, Pro? ts and productivity. Grosskophf, 1999, Anticipating the consequences of school reform. Krishnan, 1999, Customer satisfaction for ? nancial services. Myung, 1999, Design of communication networks with survivability constraints. Soteriou, 1999, Operations, quality, and pro? ability i n the provision of banking services. van Ryzin, 1999, On the relationship between inventory costs and variety bene? ts in retail assortments. Whitt, 1999, Improving service by informing customers about anticipated delays. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Whitt, 1999, Partitioning customers into service groups. Whitt, 1999, Predicting queuing delays. Ziarati, 1999, A branch-? rst, cut-second approach for locomotive assignment. Brusco, 2000, Optimal models for meal-break and starttime ? exibility in continuous tour scheduling. Johnson, 2000, Decision support for a housing mobility program using a multiobjective optimization model.Park, 2000, Telecommunication node clustering with node compatibility and network survivability requirements. Van Ryzin, 2000, Revenue management without forecasting or optimization. Zenios, 2000, Managing the delivery of dialysis therapy. Aksin, 2001, Modeling a phone center. Bonser, 2001, Procurement planning to maintain both short-term adaptiveness and long-term perspective. Fischetti, 2001, A polyhedral approach to simpli? ed crew scheduling and vehicle scheduling problems. Kara, 2001, The latest arrival hub location problem. Oliva, 2001, Cutting corners and working overtime. Pisano, 2001, Organizational differences in rates of learning. Stojkovic, 2001, An optimization model for the simultaneous operational ? ight and pilot scheduling problem.Lovejoy, 2002, Hospital operating room capacity expansion. Zenios, 2002, Optimal control of a paired-kidney exchange program. Zohar, 2002, Adaptive behavior of impatient customers in tele-queues. Boyd, 2003, Revenue management and e-commerce. Chao, 2003, Resource allocation in multisite service systems with intersite customer ? ows. Deshpande, 2003, A threshold inventory rationing policy for service-differentiated demand classes. Iyer, 2003, A postponement model for demand management. Alagoz, 2004, The optimal timing of living-donor liver transplantation. Avramidis, 2004, Modeling daily arrivals to a telephone call center. Berger, 2004, Long-distance access network design.Felici, 2004, A polyhedral approach for the staff rostering problem. Green, 2004, Improving emergency responsiveness with management science. Ho, 2004, Setting customer expectation in service delivery. Kim, 2004, Managing capacity through reward programs. Lira, 2004, Metaheuristics with local search techniques for retail shelf-space optimization. Sohoni, 2004, Long-range reserve crew manpower planning. Vickery, 2004, The performance implications of media richness in a business-to-business service environment. Whitt, 2004, Ef? ciency-driven heavy-traf? c approximations for many-server queues with abandonments. Aviv, 2005, A partially observed Markov decision pro cess for dynamic pricing.Banker, 2005, Productivity change, technical progress, and relative ef? ciency change in the public accounting industry. 786 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bapna, 2005, Pricing and allocation for quality-differentiated online services. Campbell, 2005, Hub arc location problems. Cook, 2005, Optimal allocation of proposals to reviewers to facilitate effective ranking. Craft, 2005, Analyzing bioterror response logistics. e Jong, 2005, Antecedents and conseq uences of group potency. Gaur, 2005, An econometric analysis of inventory turnover performance in retail services. Kwasnica, 2005, A new and improved design for multiobject iterative auctions. Naveh, 2005, Treatment errors in healthcare. Netessine, 2005, Revenue management games. Reagans, 2005, Individual experience and experience working together. Terwiesch, 2005, Online haggling at a name-your-ownprice retailer. Wee, 2005, Optimal policies for transshipping inventory in a retail network. Whitt, 2005, Engineering solution of a basic call-center model. Zhao, 2005, Inventory sharing and rationing in decentralized dealer networks.Anderson, 2006, Measuring and mitigating the costs of stockouts. Ata, 2006, Dynamic control of an M/M/1 service system with adjustable arrival and service rates. Bernstein, 2006, Coordinating supply chains with simple pricing schemes. Bolton, 2006, The effect of service experiences over time on a supplier’s retention of business customers. Czerwinski, 2006, Airlines as baseball players. Faraj, 2006, Coordination in fast-response organizations. Gaur, 2006, Assortment planning and inventory decisions under a locational choice model. Huckman, 2006, The ? rm speci? city of individual performance. Lapre, 2006, Organizational learning curves for customer dissatisfaction.Netessine, 2006, Supply chain choice on the internet. Sosic, 2006, Transshipment of inventories among retailers. Su, 2006, Recipient choice can address the ef? ciency-equity trade-off in kidney transplantation. Taylor, 2006, An empirical examination of the decision to invest in ful? llment capabilities. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Swami, 2001, Play it again, Sam? Optimal replacement policies for a motion picture exhibitor. Garnett, 2002, Designing a call center with impatient customers. Huchzermeier, 2002, The supply chain impact of smart customers in a promotional environment. Johnson, 2002, Performance analysis of split-case sorting systems. Gans, 2003, Te lephone call centers.Barnhart, 2004, Airline schedule planning. Gallego, 2004, Revenue management of ? exible products. Gunes, 2004, Value creation in service delivery. Lariviere, 2004, Strategically seeking service. Su, 2004, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Cachon, 2005, Retail assortment planning in the presence of consumer search. Chen, 2005, Quantifying the value of lead time information in a single-location inventory system. Gaur, 2005, Hedging inventory risk through market investments. Harrison, 2005, A method for staf? ng large call centers based on stochastic ? uid models. Wallace, 2005, A staf? ng algorithm for call centers with skill-based routing.Caggiano, 2006, Integrated real-time capacity and inventory allocation for repairable service parts in a two-echelon supply system. Cooper, 2006, Stochastic comparisons in airline revenue management systems. Elhedhli, 2006, Service system design with immobile servers, stochastic demand, and congestion. Ferguson, 2006, Supply chain coordination for false failure returns. Schwarz, 2006, On the interactions between routing and inventory-management polices in a one-warehouse n-retailer distribution system. Whitt, 2006, The impact of increased employee retention on performance in a customer contact center. Operations Research †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Manufacturing & Service Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Pinker, 2000, The ef? ciency– quality trade-off of crosstrained workers.So, 2000, Price and time competition for service delivery. Soteriou, 2000, A robust optimization approach for improving service quality. Cachon, 2001, Managing a retailer’s shelf space, inventory, and transportation. Fisher, 2001, Optimizing inventory replenishment of retail fashion products. Heim, 2001, Operational drivers of customer loyalty in electronic retailing. Menor, 2001, Agility in retail banking. †¢ †¢ Barthol di, 1990, Scheduling interviews for a job fair. Berg, 1990, Customer delay in M/G/(in? nity) repair systems with spares. Brown, 1990, Annual scheduling of Atlantic ? eet naval combatants. Daduna, 1990, Exchangeable items in repair systems.Ferland, 1990, Decision support system for the school districting problem. Ford, 1990, Estimating the impact of ef? ciency standards on the uncertainty of the northwest electric system. Gopalan, 1990, Modeling equity of risk in transportation of hazardous materials. Hamblin, 1990, Optimizing simulation for policy analysis in a residential energy end-of-use model. Sherali, 1990, A two-phase decomposition approach for electric utility capacity expansion planning including nondispatchable technologies. Yamani, 1990, Single aircraft mid-air refueling using spherical distances. Altinkemer, 1991, Parallel savings based heuristics for the delivery problem.Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Opera tions Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 787 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hof, 1991, A multilevel analysis of production capabilities of the national forest system. Kent, 1991, Natural resource land management planning using large-scale linear programs. Kraay, 1991, Optimal pacing of trains in freight railroads. Kwun, 1991, Joint optimal planning of industrial congeneration and conventional electricity systems. Agnihothri, 1992, Performance evaluation of service territories.Avery, 1992, Optimization of purchase, storage, and transmission contracts for natural gas utilities. Hartley, 1992, Military operations research. Jack, 1992, Design and implementation of an interactive optimization system f or telephone network planning. Klimberg, 1992, Improving the effectiveness of FDA drug inspection. Ng, 1992, A multicriteria optimization approach to aircraft loading. Oren, 1992, Design and management of curtailable electricity service to reduce annual peaks. Stroup, 1992, A fuel management model for the airline industry. Weatherford, 1992, A taxonomy and research overview of perishable-asset revenue management. Wollmer, 1992, An airline seat anagement model for a single leg routine when lower fare classes book ? rst. Ball, 1993, A reliability model applied to emergency service vehicle location. Berge, 1993, Demand driven dispatch. Bradley, 1993, Measuring performance in a multiproduct ? rm. Brumelle, 1993, Airline seat allocation with multiple nested fare classes. Caulkins, 1993, Local drug markets’ response to focused police enforcement. Caulkins, 1993, The on-time machines. Fleurent, 1993, Allocating games for the NHL using integer programming. Franz, 1993, Scheduling med ical residents to rotations. Martin, 1993, Design and implementation of an expert system for controlling health care costs.Rautman, 1993, Scheduling the disposal of nuclear waster material in a geologic repository using the transportation model. Soumis, 1993, A stochastic, multiclass airline network equilibrium model. Terrab, 1993, Strategic ? ow management for air traf? c control. Blanco, 1994, A sea story. Reisman, 1994, Operations research in libraries. Ringel, 1994, A stochastic analysis of state transitions in an air-space management system. Russell, 1994, Devising a cost effective schedule for a baseball league. Vranas, 1994, The multi-airport ground-holding problem in air traf? c control. Weintraub, 1994, A heuristic system to solve mixed integer forest planning models.Barnhart, 1995, Deadhead selection for the long-haul crew pairing problem. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bitran, 1995, An application of yield management to the hotel industry considering multiple day stays. Brusco, 1995, Improving personnel scheduling at airline stations. Kaplan, 1995, Probability models of needle exchange. Keeney, 1995, Evaluating improvements in electric utility reliability at British Columbia hydro. Peterson, 1995, Decomposition algorithms for analyzing transient phenomena in multiclass queuing networks in air transportation. Richetta, 1995, Optimal algorithms and a remarkably ef? cient heuristic for the ground-holding problem in air traf? c control.Robinson, 1995, Optimal and approximate control policies for airline booking with sequential nonmonotonic fare classes. Barnhart, 1996, Air network design for express shipment service. Bitran, 1996, Managing hotel reservations with uncertain arrivals. Eisenstein, 1996, Separating logistics ? ows in th e Chicago public school system. Maclellan, 1996, Basing airtankers for forest ? re control in Ontario. Rosenthal, 1996, Optimizing ? ight operations for an aircraft carrier in transit. Thompson, 1996, DEA/assurance region SBDC ef? ciency and unique projections. Ahmadi, 1997, Managing capacity and ? ow at theme parks. Bevers, 1997, Spatial optimization of prairie dog colonies for black-footed ferret recovery.Bukiet, 1997, A Markov chain approach to baseball. Day, 1997, Flight attendant rostering for short-haul airline operations. Eppen, 1997, Improved fashion buying with Bayesian updates. Griggs, 1997, An air mission planning algorithm using decision analysis and mixed integer programming. Vance, 1997, Airline crew scheduling. Andreatta, 1998, Multiairport ground holding problem. Bertsimas, 1998, The air traf? c ? ow management problem with enroute capacities. Bixby, 1998, Solving a truck dispatching scheduling problem using branch-and-cut. Caprara, 1998, Modeling and solving the cre w rostering problem. Chatwin, 1998, Multiperiod airline overbooking with a single fare class.Gopalan, 1998, The aircraft maintenance routing problem. Lederer, 1998, Airline network design. Mason, 1998, Integrated simulation, heuristic and optimisation approaches to staff scheduling. Nemhauser, 1998, Scheduling a major college basketball conference. Savelsbergh, 1998, Drive: Dynamic routing of independent vehicles. Gamachea, 1999, A column generation approach for largescale aircrew rostering problems. Hobbs, 1999, Stochastic programming-based bounding of 788 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ expected production costs for multiarea electric power systems. Keeney, 1999, Identifying and structuring values to guide integrated resource planning at BC Gas. Mingozzi, 1999, A set partitioning approach to the crew scheduling problem. Murty, 1999, The U. S. Army National Guard’s mobile training simulators location and routing problem. Barnett, 2000, Free-? ight and en route air safety. Barnhart, 2000, Railroad blocking. Bashyam, 2000, Service design and price competition in business information services. Feng, 2000, Optimal policies of yield management with multiple predetermined prices.Haight, 2000, An integer optimization approach to a probabilistic reserve site selection problem. Hoffman, 2000, A comparison of formulations for the single-airport ground-holding problem with banking constraints. Smith, 2000, Management of multi-item retail inventory systems with demand substitu tion. Van Slyke, 2000, Finite horizon stochastic knapsacks with applications to yield management. Zenios, 2000, Dynamic allocation of kidneys to candidates on the transplant waiting list. Barnett, 2001, Safe at home? Cai, 2001, Solving large nonconvex water resources management models using generalized benders decomposition. Cordeau, 2001, Simultaneous assignment of locomotives and cars to passenger trains.Feng, 2001, A dynamic airline seat inventory control model and its optimal policy. Henz, 2001, Scheduling a major college basketball conference—Revisited. Baker, 2002, Optimizing military aircraft. Camm, 2002, Nature reserve site selection to maximize expected species covered. Caprara, 2002, Modeling and solving the train timetabling problem. Cooper, 2002, Asymptotic behavior of an allocation policy for revenue management. Cooper, 2002, An illustrative application of IDEA (imprecise data envelopment analysis) to a Korean telecommunication company. Gans, 2002, Managing learn ing and turnover in employee staf? ng. Netessine, 2002, Flexible service capacity. Powell, 2002, Implementing real-time optimization models.Bertsimas, 2003, Restaurant revenue management. Brumelle, 2003, Dynamic airline revenue management with multiple semi-Markov demand. Cohn, 2003, Improving crew scheduling by incorporating key maintenance routing decisions. Deshpande, 2003, An empirical study of service differentiation from weapon system service parts. Erhun, 2003, Enterprise-wide optimization of total landed cost at a grocery retailer. Rajaram, 2003, Flow management to optimize retail pro? ts at theme parks. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Armony, 2004, Contact centers with a call-back option and real-time delay information. Armony, 2004, On customer contact centers with a callback option.Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercials on broadcast t elevision. Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercial videotapes in broadcast television. Borst, 2004, Dimensioning large call centers. Cappanera, 2004, A multicommodity ? ow approach to the crew rostering problem. Gaur, 2004, A periodic inventory routing problem at a supermarket chain. Hamacher, 2004, Design of zone tariff systems in public transportation. Karaesmen, 2004, Overbooking with substitutable inventory classes. Qi, 2004, Class scheduling for pilot training. Zhu, 2004, Imprecise DEA via standard linear DEA models with a revisit to Korean mobile telecommunication company. Armstrong, 2005, A stochastic salvo model for naval surface combat.Ata, 2005, Dynamic power control in a wireless static channel subject to a quality-of-service constraint. Bertsimas, 2005, Simulation based booking limits for airline revenue management. Brown, 2005, A two-sided optimization for theater ballistic missile defense. Chardaire, 2005, Solving a time-space network formulation for the convoy movem ent problem. Dasci, 2005, A continuous model for multistore competitive location. De Vericourt, 2005, Managing response time in a callrouting problem with service failure. Holder, 2005, Navy personnel planning and the optimal partition. Jahn, 2005, System-optimal routing of traf? c ? ows with user constraints in networks with congestion. Maglaras, 2005, Pricing and design of differentiated services.Savin, 2005, Capacity management in rental businesses with two customer bases. Shu, 2005, Stochastic transportation-inventory network design problem. Su, 2005, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Wu, 2005, Optimization of in? uenza vaccine selection. Yang, 2005, A multiperiod dynamic model of taxi services with endogenous service intensity. Zhang, 2005, Revenue management for parallel ? ights with customer-choice behavior. Agur, 2006, Optimizing chemotherapy scheduling using local search heuristics. Bassamboo, 2006, Design and control of a large call center. Cook, 2006, Incorporating mul tiprocess performance standards into the DEA framework. Cordeau, 2006, A branch-and-cut algorithm for the diala-ride problem.Dawande, 2006, Effective heuristics for multiproduct partial shipment models. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ 789 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Deshpande, 2006, Ef? cient supply chain management at the U. S. Coast Guard using part-age dependent supply replenishment policies. Fry, 2006, Fire? ghter staf? ng including temporary absences and wastage. Ghiani, 2006, The black and white traveling salesman problem. Green, 2006, Managing patient service in a diagnostic medical facility. Mannino, 2006, The network packing problem in terrestrial broadcasting.Marcus, 2006, Online low price guarantees. Marklund, 2006, Controlling inventories in dive rgent supply chains with advance-order information. Netessine, 2006, Revenue management through dynamic cross selling in e-commerce retailing. Perakis, 2006, An analytical model for traf? c delays and the dynamic user equilibrium problem. Romeijn, 2006, A new linear programming approach to radiation therapy treatment planning problems. Washburn, 2006, Piled-slab searches. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Production and Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Easton, 1992, Analysis of alternative scheduling policies for hospital nurses.Ernst, 1992, Coordination alternatives in a manufacturing/dealer inventory system under stochastic demand. Schneeweiss, 1992, Planning and scheduling the repair shops of the Deutsche Lufthansa AG. Rajago palan, 1993, Allocating and scheduling mobile diagnostic imaging equipment among hospitals. Malhotra, 1994, Scheduling ? exibility in the service sector. Sainfort, 1994, A pavement management decision support system. Cox, 1995, A new learning approach to process improvement in a telecommunications company. Roth, 1995, Hospital resource planning. Schneider, 1995, Power approximations for a two-echelon inventory system using service levels. Chase, 1996, The mall is my factory.Crandall, 1996, Demand management. Joglekar, 1996, A pro? t maximization model for a retailer’s stocking decisions on products subject to sudden obsolescence. Cachon, 1996, Campbell soup’s continuous replenishment program. Clark, 1997, Reengineering channel reordering processes to improve total supply-chain performance. Harvey, 1998, Building the service operations course around a ? eld project. Kolesar, 1998, Insights on service system design from a normal approximation to Erlang’s delay for mula. Lee, 1998, Effects of integrating order/backorder quantity and pricing decisions. Boronico, 1999, Reliability-constrained pricing, capacity, and quality.Cheng, 1999, Optimality of state dependent (s,S) policies in inventory models with Markov demand and lost sales. Cook, 1999, Service typologies. Dasu, 1999, A dynamic process model of dissatisfaction for unfavorable non-routine service encounters. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dube, 1999, Adapting the QFD approach to extended service transactions. 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Ryanair’s Strategic Issues and Suggestion

Ryanair (0704007 business ) their strategy Ryanair's strategy is to offer their services with cheap price. So their competitive advantage is â€Å"Cheaper price† than other rivals. To maintain cheaper price than other rivals, they faces several problems. facing problems There were several challenges faced by low cost carriers in Europe like rising aviation fuel costs, ensuring staff productivity and maintaining a large fleet for expansion. 1. There are lots of airways which is provide cheap fare of flight such as easyjet, Virgin express, Air Berlin and so on.As minor airways use the same routine, minor airports get a purchasing power from the airlines competition. It is hard situation for Ryanair to minimize the fare. 2. The aviation turbine fuel costs fluctuated as economic and political situation changes and increasing demand of fuel. Also, the fuel should be paid by US dollars, so change of exchange rate affects to the fuel cost. Ryanair had not added surcharges like other airlines so that they could maintain lower fares.But increasing fuel cost makes hard to maintain lower price for Ryanair. 3. As I mentioned earlier, there are so many airlines offer cheap fares in Europe. The major competitors of Ryanair were easyJet, bmibaby, Air Berlin, SkyEurope, Wizz Air and Aer Lingus. Also, there were other low cost substitutes like train and tram services in Europe. 4. Ryanair want to expand their business in the European continent as it was becoming popular tourist destination. Also it is planning to expand its network to North Africa.It requires more aircraft, human resources, and agreements with airport authorities and governments. But the incidents of terrorism in UK and Europe, requirements from airport authorities and governments is hard for them. providing solutions 1. As there are quite lots of airlines which offer low fare of flight, they can be united and make a union of lower fare flight. Then they can have a purchasing power to local airports. 2. When the CEO judges the fuel cost goes up and thinks the time of low cost of fuel, CEO can make a long term contract with oil supplier.At this strategy, CEO's judgement is really important. Also, the company can do Forward Trading of oil. 3. Customers choose some airlines by fare and service. As the automatic devices are developed fast, they can reduce the cost by replacing from human resources to automatic devices. But the part of offering services, employees should be focused. 4. Do negotiation with the countries such as North Africa, US etc , then try to be liberalization. After the negotiation, business expansion will be easier.

Negative in foreigners worker in the uae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Negative in foreigners worker in the uae - Essay Example United Arab Emirates is geographically located along the desert and mountains in the east. The system of the governance in the United Arab Emirates is federal type of government; this means that the government is composed of legislative, executive and the judicial. The powers are delegated to the United Arab Emirates federal government and the rest of powers are reserved for its members. The president in the United Arab Emirates is the head of the state and the prime minister of the United Arab Emirates is the head of the government. United Arab Emirates is known for stable economic growth, this is due to open market economy in which the prices of commodities (goods and services) are always determined in free price systems and this makes United Arab Emirates to stabilize its economy. Like other states world wide where they have to associate themselves with trade organization, United Arab Emirates is a member of council of Arab economic unity (CAEU). United Arab emirate (UAE) is known for high and rising oil prices and good economic growth in the market. The economy of United Arab Emirates from 1999 to 2008 has been growing at a rate of 10%. This gives other states challenges since with a growth of 10%; it indicates UAE is going to offer stiff competition in the international market. Today, the United Arab Emirates is not only relying on the rich oil fields but the country invests in private sectors and infrastructure system so that it can support other programs for example education and health issues. However, even though their economic growth of United Arab Emirates is seen to be stable, the emirates still experience challenges in social, economic, and even environmental areas. This paper discusses how United Arab Emirates have experienced challenges from the foreign workers who reside in the region. How foreign workers are changing the United Arab Emirates culture Due to the high number of foreigners in United Arab Emirates, their culture is being changed and this is posing a great danger to their generation. Again the use of modern technology is still a challenge to them since technology is changing the old norms to digital era. The United Arab Emirates considers its traditions no matter whether the foreigners will change it or the technology. United Arab Emirates is built on generation of Islamic traditions which is passed from generation to generation, Islamic culture is firmly rooted in United Arab Emirates and tribal heritage is considered by the civilians. Today the foreigners who come from many part of countries are changing the traditions and demographics of emirates. For example, the number of foreigners who resided in United Arab Emirates in the year 2005 to date has continued to increase. Foreign workers by nationality and their population nationality Number of foreigners India 1 million Pakistan 650, 000 Philippines 250, 000 Sri lanka 150, 000 Source-(UAE National Bureau of Statistics) United Arab Emirates is considered as t he most state preferred by foreigners who come to invest or who come to seek employment. Those who normally come to invest are professional migrants. The government of United Arab Emirates is trying to come up with a knowledge based economy (Park et al 2006). This means that the demand for foreigners who are more skilled and those foreigners who are professionally educated will double the number of foreigners in United Arab Emirates. (Maurice 17). Islamic religion is not considered much by the foreigners and United Arab Emira

Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Essay Example Namely, this new society isn’t simply one of females, but also has fundamentally changed the structure of culture and interaction (Pringle). This essay specifically analyzes the way that Gilman indicates gender identity is socially constructed as a means of seeking to change late Victorian society, and considers the reasons that Gilman seeks this social change. While a great amount of the novel makes overt criticisms of late Victorian gender identities, some of the most potent such criticisms are established in terms of indirect commentary. After the men reach their destination and hide their biplane they go exploring the area. It is not long before the women capture them. In these early scenes one recognizes the blurring of distinctions behind Victorian gender physicality. The women are described as agile and full of strength and it is this strength that allows them to ultimately capture the men. In these regards, it seems that Gilman’s purpose of shifting the traditio nal male role of dominator to the female functions as a means of framing the novel in this overarching discourse. As the text further progresses and the men find themselves incarcerated, Gilman uses the situation as a means of further criticizing patriarchal society. The men, expecting traditional patriarchal treatment while incarcerated note that, "Of course we looked for punishment - a closer imprisonment, solitary confinement maybe - but nothing of the kind happened. They treated us as truants only, and as if they quite understood our truancy" (Gilman, p. 42). This statement is significant as it demonstrates that despite the recognition that the women have control, they do not seek to impose undue punishment on the men, but instead merely acculturate them to this newfound society. Indeed, theorists have argued that it operates as a microcosm of the broader critique of patriarchal society (Hoeller). Within the broader spectrum of the gender argument, it seems to indicate that desp ite claims to the contrary women are just, if not more competent than men, in handling issues related to power or incarceration. As the novel progresses Gilman further explores the areas where late Victorian society has established socially established gender identities. Upon being released from the prison after their captivity the men further explore Herland. Upon their exploration they come to recognize that many of the preconceived gender stereotypes they held, no longer hold. They note, "We had expected jealousy, and found a broad sisterly affection, a fair-minded intelligence, to which we could produce no parallel. We had expected hysteria, and found a standard of health and vigor, a calmness of temper, to which the habit of profanity, for instance, was impossible to explain - we tried it" (Gilman, p. 81). Similar to the discoveries the men established during their captivity, here they come to recognize that many of their preconceptions regarding the female gender no longer hol d in Herland. For instance, rather than finding jealousy they find a ‘sisterly affection’ and rather than hysteria they find health and vigor. In both instances the late Victorian gender stereotypes are proved erroneous, as women aren’t simply jealous hysterics. It seems Gilman’s motivations in these regards are multiple. On one level she has sought to simply demonstrate how an all female society could functionally operate. Still, on a more fundamental level she has sou

Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Reaction Paper - Essay Example Stiglitz emphasizes the problem of inequality and considers it to be the main aspect that prevents the economy of the United States from the recovery. The author is sure that it is inequality that does not allow American children to have equal opportunities and to develop. He argues that the parents of a great number of children will not be able to pay the loan they take to provide their child with education in all ones born days (Stiglitz). The author of the third article not only states that inequality inhibits the growth but also wants to reveal the reasons of inequality. According to the author, during last several years the demand for goods and services declined as only rich people were able to pay for them. He explains it by the fact that the development of technology made many people loose the job as the technologies replaced people at the workplace. This led to the high level of unemployment

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Medicine, Ethics and the Law - Essay Example Finally conclusions were arrived at based on the findings of the work. This work establishes that the courts have not accorded importance to ethical principles, while providing their rulings on euthanasia cases. Medical law can be regarded as a melange that derives its basis from several branches of the law. Previously the correlation betwixt medicine and law had been characterised by mutual deference. In the past, medical decisions were considered to be the exclusive preserve of the clinicians.1 Currently, the courts have been willing, to a greater extent, to entertain challenges to the decisions taken by the members of the medical profession. As such, in Chester v Afshar,2 Steyn LJ declared that paternalism had no room in medical law. At the same time, the doctors were also grateful and relieved that the courts were resolving cases involving intricate issues of ethics.3 As such, judicial activism has made inroads into the ethical issues surrounding the cases pertaining to euthanasia. With regard to assisted dying, the British Medical Association espouses the following principles. First, doctors should help the patients to obtain a good death; however, such acts have to comply with the law. Second, the patients should be permitted to control the dying process, to the extent possible, and the attending doctors have to admit the views of the patients.4 Third, the autonomy accorded to patients, albeit, important, cannot ride roughshod over other principles, and it is indispensable to arrive at an appropriate balance. Fourth, the personal choices of individuals should not be permitted to cause harm to others. Fifth, the law precludes the deliberate causing of premature death. In this context, the British Medical Association, firmly believes that the intentional causing of death is contrary to the ethos of medicine. Sixth, there is a basic difference between deliberately causing death, and withdrawing or withholding treatment.5 As such,

From e-Business Support to Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

From e-Business Support to Strategy - Essay Example Technically, there has been debate on channels that are eligible for inclusion in the category of social networking.Hansen, Shneiderman, and Smith (2011) provide definition that takes off pressure of technicalities and refers social media as set of online tools that enable connectivity for social interaction. In addition to the connectivity, social networking also benefits users in finding, creating, sharing and evaluating mass information accessible online in a variety of forms. Growing importance and dominance of socialization through social media, organizations have also adopted this medium for staying connected with their entire customer base virtually. The new spectrum has provided companies with ways to attract the potential customers along with strengthening bond with existing company customers. Martinka (2012) refers to Mead’s theory of symbolic interactionism which discusses the influence on consumer purchase decision from social media (Facebook). One of the dominant factors that lead to this change is the fact that social media enables two way communication that considerably distinguishes it from traditional marketing mix.This two way connection benefits customer to pass the requirement and views direct to company whereas businesses are also able to get direct insight about customer’ likings and disliking; perception etc. Extracting insight from social networking and consumer response pattern, companies can also strategize to direct consumer purchases in desired direction. (Divol, Edelman, and Sarrazin, 2012). (Divol, Edelman, and Sarrazin, 2012) Some other factors distinguishing it from traditional medium that leads to increase in adopting are: Connectivity of almost the entire world (Divol, Edelman, and Sarrazin, 2012) Prompt response from the company, as well as customers (Hanlon, & Hawkins, 2008) More direct insight than other forms of research etc (Divol, Edelman, and Sarrazin, 2012) Large number social networking websites are opera tional. Leading ones including Facebook (over 845 million active monthly users in 2012 (Sebastian, 2012), Twitter (over 465 million accounts in 2012 and growth (Larson, 2012)), LinkedIn has 147 million members with growth of 45% as compared to year 2012, Google plus which has 400 million user in one year (BGR, 2012) and YouTube (expected to take up 90% of the web traffic by year 2014 (Nalts, 2012)) being the leading channel of video content (eBiz MBA, 2012). Surveys also count the growing number of companies making use of these channels and networking mediums and are intended to increase their presence t exploit greater benefit (Stelzner, 2012). With acceptance of the social media as well as the fact that it is changing consumer behavior, businesses are still in learning phase to strategically adopt this medium. Moreover, understandings

Proof reading in UK style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

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